Ecosystem Vulnerability: Climate and Ips typographus on Boreal Spruce 照片檔

This photo series captures the extensive damage caused by the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) on spruce trees in Finland, highlighting the intricate galleries left by the beetles as they disrupt vital tree tissues. The images reveal the broader effects of climate change on boreal forests, where rising temperatures and drought have intensified beetle infestations. Together, these photos offer a close look at the ecological toll on Nordic woodlands amid shifting environmental pressures.